#SECTION#
2-D
#SECTION_END#
 
#OWNER#brown@cs.umd.edu#OWNER_END#

#AUTHOR#
Brown, Jerome (<A HREF="mailto:brown@cs.umd.edu">brown@cs.umd.edu</A>)
#AUTHOR_END#

#ALL_AUTHOR#
<A HREF="mailto:brown@cs.umd.edu">brown@cs.umd.edu</A>
#ALL_AUTHOR_END#

#USER#
U.S Army Topographic Engineering Center
#USER_END#

#USER#
US Census Bureau
#USER_END#

#USER#
National Aeronautics And Space Administration
#USER_END#

#USER#
National park rangers
#USER_END#

#USER#
Elementary school teachers
#USER_END#

#TASK#
Geographic Mapping
#TASK_END#

#TASK#
Chip Design
#TASK_END#

#TASK#
Semantic zooming
#TASK_END#

#TASK#
Tracking system
#TASK_END#

#TASK#
Newspaper Layout
#TASK_END#   

#TASK#
Photo and Image Browsing
#TASK_END#   

#CITATION#
Jerding, Dean F. and Stasko, John <a href=
"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/softviz/infoviz/information_mural.html">
The Information Mural </a>: A technique
for displaying and navigating large information spaces. In Proceedings
of the IEEE Visualization `95 Symposium on Information Visualization,
pages 43-50, Atlanta, GA, October 1995. </b>
The Information Mural is a two-dimensional,
reduced representation of an entire information
space that fits entirely within a display window or screen. The mural
creates a miniature version of the information space
using visual attributes such as grayscale shading, intensity, color, and
pixel size, along with anti-aliased compression
techniques. Information Murals can be used as stand-alone visualizations
or in global navigational views. 
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Druin, Allison, Stewart, Jason <A
HREF="http://www.cs.unm.edu/pad++/papers/kidpad/KidPad.html">KidPad:
A Design Collaboration Between Children, Technologists, and
Educators</A> Computer Science Department / College of Education </b>
The
goal of this research was to develop an expressive digital medium with an
intuitive zooming interface, to support a learning
environment for children. In the process of this collaboration, design
methodologies that support a child's role in the
development of new technologies were explored. What follows is a summary
of our iterative design experience, collaboration,
and the results of the research to date. 
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Price, B. A.., Baecker, R.M., and Small, I.S.(1993) <h ref =
"http://kmi.open.ac.uk/~doc/jvlc/JVLC-Body.html"> A Principled Taxonomy
of Software Visualization </a> Journal of Visual Languages and Computing ,
4(3), September 1993, pp. 211-266.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Eick, Stephen, Steffen, Joseph, and Sumner Jr., Eric SeeSoft---A tool
for visualizing line oriented software statistics. IEEE Transactions
on Software Engineering, 18(11):957--968, November 1992.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Jerding, Dean F. and Stasko, John T. Using Information Murals in
visualization applications. In Proceedings of the 1995 Symposium on
User Interface Software and Technology (Demonstration), pages 73-74,
Pittsburgh, PA, November 1995.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Stasko, John T. and Kraemer, Eileen A methodology for building
application-specific visualizations of parallel programs. Journal of
Parallel and Distributed Computing, 18(2):258--264, June 1993.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Bederson, B.B., Hollan, J., Perlin, K., Meyer, J., Bacon, D., and
Furnas, G. "Pad++: A Zoomable Sketchpad for Exploring Alternate
Interface Physics". Journal of Visual Languages in Computing. 7:3,
(1996), 3-31.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Baecker, R., Small, I., and Mander, R. "Bringing Icons to Life". In
Proceedings of CHI'91 (New Orleans Louisiana, April 1991), ACM Press,
1-6.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Brayshaw, M., and Eisenstadt, M.(1991)A practical graphical tracer for
Prolog. International Journal
of Man-Machine Studies, 35 (5), pp. 597-631, 1991
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Collins, T.(1996) The Genotypic-Space Mapping: Population Visualization
for Genetic Algorithms.
KMi Technical report, KMI-TR-39, Knowledge Media Institute, The Open
University, Milton
Keynes, UK.   
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Golovchinsky, G., Kamps, T., and Reichenberger, K. (1995) Subverting
Structure:  Data-driven Dynamic Diagram generation. Proceedings of IEEE
Visualization '95, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct 29-Nov 3. pp. 217-223
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Reichenberger, K., Kamps, T., and Golovchinsky, G. (1995) Towards a
Generative Theory of Diagram Design. Proceedings of the Information 
Visualization Symposium '95, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct 29-30, 1995. pp. 11-18.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Chignell, M. H., Poblete, F., and Zuberec, S. (1993) An Exploration in the
Design Space oF Three Dimensional Hierarchies. In Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society '93, pp xxx-yyy. 1993. paper (HTML)
#CITATION_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://imlab9.landarch.uiuc.edu/smartforest/portland.html">
Smartforest</A> -Smartforest, is an interactive, 3-dimensional
represented, application that can rotate and be walked through in
realtime. This project comes out of the Imaging Systems Laboratory at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/softviz/infoviz/infoviz.html">
Information Visualization</A> - An interesting site about the
research coming out of the Graphics, Visualization, and Usability
Center at Georgia Tech.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.unm.edu/pad++/begin.html">Pad++</A>- A
zoomable, graphical interface developed by University of New Mexico
and NYU Media Research Laboratory.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.research.ibm.com/pv/">Program Visualizer</A> -A
project being developed at T.J. Watson research Laboratory. The
product provides continuous visual displays of the behavior of a
program and an underlying system.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.designlab.ukans.edu/pwr_of_ten.html">Powers of
Ten</A> -A project created at the University of Kansas' Design
Laboratory. The project is an interactive graphics application to
visualize the powers of ten.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/hyplan/tkeahey/research/fad/fad.html">
FAD Toolkit</A> -A project studying visualization using nonlinear
magnification techniques.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/projects/grouplab/groupkit/">
GroupKit</A> -This may be a stretch, but I thought that I would
include it for now. It comes out of the University of Calgary and it is
a number of visual, group specific, applications.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.computing.oac.ucla.edu/perspect/v20n1/v20n1p39.htm">
Vis_tiger</A> -This project stems out of the Office of Academic
Computing at the University of California at Los Angeles. It is a
software application that allows user to visualize <A HREF=
"http://www.census.gov/ftp/pub/geo/www/tiger/"> Tiger, </A> an Us
Census Bureau program.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF ="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/softviz/algoanim/xtango.html"> 
XTango Algorithm Animation System </A> -
XTANGO is a general purpose algorithm animation system that supports
programmers developing color, real-time, 2 & 1/2 dimensional, smooth
animations of their own algorithms and programs. 
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<a HREF =
"http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/softviz/parviz/pvanimOL/pvanimOL.html">
PVani 2.0 </A> -The PVaniM 2.0 system provides online and postmortem
visualization support as well as rudimentary I/O for
long running, communication-intensive PVM applications.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF= "http://everest.hunter.cuny.edu/terrain/index.html"> Terrain
Analyst Home Page </A> -This is not a project, but an interesting site 
on graphical representations of 2-D data types.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<a HREF = "http://www.cs.panam.edu/info_vis/spring.html"> Graph Layount
Tool </a> is a tool being developed at U. of Texas at Pan American for
displaying graphs as a 3 dimensional representation.
#PROJECT_END#

#PRODUCT#   
<A HREF= "http://www.esri.com/">BusinessMAP PRO</A> -A database
mapping software developed by ESRI for business demands of increased
capabilities and faster times.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF= "http://www.tec.army.mil/TD/svl_survey_frame.html">Drawland
</A> -This is a product developed in-house by the Army to give a fast
visualization of terrain data.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF= "http://www.esri.com/base/products/atlas/atlas.html"> Atlas GIS
</A> -A desktop mapping software product used for the extraction
statistical and geographic data.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF = "http://www.esri.com/base/products/arcview/arcview.html">
ArcView </A> -Mapping product used to help extract useful information.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF = "http://www.esri.com/base/products/mapobjects/mapobjects.html">
Map Objects </A> -Software developed by ESRI that offers dynamic mapping
and the ability to built custom mapping and GIS applications.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF= "http://www.esri.com/products/arcexplorer/arcexplorer.html"> 
ArcExplorer </a> -ArcExplorer is a 32 bit application that serves a GIS
data viewer. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT# 
<A HREF = "http://www.esri.com/base/products/arccad/arccad.html"> ArcCad
</A> -This product gives the user AutoCad's tools with advanced mapping,
data management and GIS that is supplied by ArcCad. This product was
created by ESRI. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT# 
<A HREF = "http://www.esri.com/base/products/maplex/maplex.html"> Maplex
</A> -This product is an automated, name placement  application created
by ESRI. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF = "http://www.esri.com/base/products/pcarc/pcarc.html"> PC
Arc/Info </A> -PC Arc/Info is a series of integrated software modules
that combines GIS tools and utilities for cartographic design. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT# 
<A HREF = "http://www.ilog.com/html/product_views_home.html"> ILOG Views
</A> -This product is comprehensive, portable C++ library of graphic and
behavior objects. ILOG Views lets you draw, objectize, edit, and
customize. It was designed by ILOG corp.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT# 
<A HREF= "http://www.cai.com/products/addbm/opal/opal.htm"> Opal </A>
- Opal is a software product built by Computer Associates. It is a user
interface application that allows user integrate old applications into 
new client applications with one multimedia user interface. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF= "http://www.ilog.com/html/product_jviews.html"> ILOG JViews </A> 
- This product is a library for creating strategic high performance 2D 
graphical user interfaces in Java. ILOG JViews is a product created by
ILOG.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.mapquest.com/"> Mapquest </A> This would be better
suited as a web site then product. Mapquest lets you do interesting things 
like plotting a course for a trip. It will show the directions in map form
as well as text form.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF = "http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/viewers/dlg_view.html"> Dlgv32 </A>-
dlgv32 is Windows 95 software for viewing USGS Digital Line Graph Optional
(DLG-O) and Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) data. 
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF= "http://164.214.2.59/DMAMUSE2/html/intro/intro.htm"> Dmamuse 2.0
</A> -DMAMUSE is a self-contained set of computer programs and computer
utilities designed to work with NIMA MC&G data and information to let the
user do digital cartography. 
#PRODUCT_END#


#BACKGROUND#
The two dimensional information visualization environment combines two
dimensional data representation and two dimensional data types.
Examples of applications for the 2-D environment include: Geographic
information services (GIS), computer chip design, newspaper layouts, and
photography. GIS includes geographic mapping applications
such as Atlas GIS and ArcView. 
Advanced drawing and art programs like Pad++  give  users
the ability to create drawings with greater precision while being able
to view and modify their work with special features like semantic zooming. 
Photoshop is a software product that allows designers and photographers
to create 
original artwork, correct color, retouch and composite scanned images.
Newspaper layout applications are another area where a
two dimensional  environment proves useful for locating articles or
finding blank areas.
#BACKGROUND_END#
#BACKGROUND#
The best 
way to define  two dimensional data environment is to first determine 
what kinds of questions the data representation answers.  Direction,
location, size, and distance are features that can be effectively
illustrated using a 2-D visualization environment. 
 For example, is an object left or right of another object ? How big is 
New York in comparison to Los Angeles. What places are north of Maryland ?
Is Chicago closer to Atlanta or San Fransico ? 
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
A two dimensional visual environment  deals with the representation
of the data via the interface. A two dimensional visual environment
overlaps with other
visual environments when trying to classify data types. 
In reality, all data visualization environments are displayed on 
a 2-D surface. This may cause applications and projects to be falsely
classified as 2-dimensional when in fact, they may be temporal or network.
This leads to the confusion between two dimensional data
representation and two dimensional data types. 
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
Two dimensional data types deal with the total number of attributes that
will be included 
in the visual environment. Examples are longitude and latitude, width and
height, etc. There are times when the data types will not be two 
dimensional and the environment will be still considered 2-D. Mulit-
dimensional and 3 dimensional data can be presented with a 2-D model in 
some situations. For example, there could be a mapping
program that displays
the USA. This program may give information about each city that is
selected. This could be viewed
as multi-dimensional because there are more than two attributes associated
with the data. This example
should still be viewed as 2-D because the program's main use is
distinguishing and relating cities and states, in terms of position and
direction to other programs. This slight distinction will be the basis for the
deciding what is and is not a two dimensional data type. 
#BACKGROUND_END#

#VIDEO#
<a
HREF="http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/videos/cw2_bdy.htm">
The DragMag Image Magnifier</a> Ware, Colin, University of New Brunswick;
Marlon Lewis, SatLantic, Inc. 
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
<a href=
"http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/videos/rr_bdy.htm"> 
Exploring Large Tables With The Table Lens</A> 
     Rao, Ramana Stuart K. Card, Xerox PARC 
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
<a href= "http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/hcil/Research/video95.html"> 
Animated Specifications Using Interaction Object Graphs </A>
Carr, David, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, U. of Maryland at
College Park 
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
<A HREF=
"http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/videos/eab2bdy.htm">
The Movable Filter </A> Bier, eric A., Fishkin, Ken Pier, Ken, 
C.Stone, Maureen, Xerox PARC
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
<a href=
"http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/videos/wem2bdy.htm">
Ariel: Augmenting Paper Engineering Drawings</a> Mackay, W.E., D.S.
Pagani,
L. Faber, B. Inwood, P. Launiainen, L. Brenta, V. Pouzol, Rank Xerox
Research Centre (EuroPARC)  
#VIDEO_END#