#SECTION#
3-D
#SECTION_END#
 
#OWNER#tcombs@cs.umd.edu#OWNER_END#

#AUTHOR#
Gittens, Shaun (<A HREF="mailto:sgittens@cs.umd.edu">sgittens@cs.umd.edu</A>)
#AUTHOR_END#

#AUTHOR#
Combs, Tammara (<A HREF="mailto:tcombs@cs.umd.edu">tcombs@cs.umd.edu</A>)
#AUTHOR_END#

#ALL_AUTHOR#
<A HREF="mailto:sgittens@cs.umd.edu,tcombs@cs.umd.edu">{sgittens,tcombs}@cs.umd.edu</A>
#ALL_AUTHOR_END#

#TASK#
Containment issues.
#TASK_END#

#TASK#
Position (Up, Down, Inside, Outside) queries.
#TASK_END#

#TASK0#
Surgical planning and teaching on a virtual human are two examples of
medical imaging, the most popular application of 3-D Visualization
today.  Virtual flythroughs of the human body is another application
of 3-D visualization techniques in medicine.  One example of this is
the <A
HREF="http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/vishuman/VisibleHuman.html">Visible
Human Project</A> at Syrucuse University.
#TASK0_END#

#TASK0#
3-D Visualization in architectural design allows users to walk through
a 3-D prototype of the proposed site.
#TASK0_END#

#TASK0#
Volumetric Visualization of molecular or fluid flow dynamics are two
examples of applications of 3-D Visualizations outside the medical
field.
#TASK0_END#

#TASK0#
Rendering real world weather data into 3-Dimensional models greatly
enhances the study of weather systems and the manner in which they are
presented to the general public.
#TASK0_END#

#CITATION#
Brewster, L. J., Trivedi, S. S., Tuy, H. K., Udupa, J. K.,
"Interactive Surgical Planning", IEEE Computer Graphics and
Applications, March 1984, pp. 31-40.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Cohen, D., Kaufman, A., Kong, T. Y., On the Soundness of Surface 
Voxelizations, Topological Algorithms for Digital Image
Processing, T. Yung Kong and A. Rosenfeld, Eds., North-Holland, 
Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 181-204.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Ebert, D., Shaw, C., Zwa, A., Miller, E., and Roberts,
D. A. "Two-handed Volumetric Document Corpus Management," IEEE
Computer Graphics and Applications, July 1997.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Ezquerra, Norberto, Mullick, Rakesh,<A HREF=
"http://www.cs.umd.edu/~sgittens/abstracts/3dposeab.html"> An approach
to 3D pose determination</A>, ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 15,
No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 99-120.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Farrell, E. J., Yang, W. C., Zappulla, R. A., "Animated 3D CT
Imaging", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, December 1985,
pp. 26-32.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Goodshell, D. S., Mian, I. S., Olson, A. J., "Rendering Volumetric
Data in Molecular Systems", Journal of Molecular Graphics, March 1989,
pp. 35-36, 41-47.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Herman, G. T., Udupa, J. K., "Display of 3-D Digital Images:
Computational Foundations and Medical Applications" IEEE Computer
Graphics and Applications, August 1983, pp.39-46.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Herman, Gabor T., Applications of Volume Visualization,Volume Visualization, 
IEEE Computer Society Press Tutorial, pp. 379-380, 1991.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Hibbard, W., Santek, D., "Visualizing Large Data Sets in the Earth
Sciences", Computer, August 1989, pp. 53-57.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Hoehne, K. H., Bomans, M., Pommert, A., Riemer, M., Schiers, C.,
Tiede, U., Wiebecke, G., "3D Visualization of Tomographic Volume Data
Using the Generalized Voxel Model", The Visual Computer, Feb. 1990,
pp. 28-36.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Hong, L., Kaufman, A., Wei, Y., Viswambharan, A. Wax, M., Liang, Z., 
3D Virtual Colonoscopy, IEEE Frontiers in Biomedical Visualization Symposium 
Proceedings, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, October, 1995, 
pp. 26-32.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Huiskamp, W., Langenkamp, A. A. J., van Lieshout, P. L. J., Visualization 
of 3D Empirical Data: The Voxel Processor, Visualization in Scientic 
Computing, pp. 151-162, 1994.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
<A NAME="Kaufman">Kaufman, Arie, "Introduction to Volume Visualization", Volume
Visualization, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California,
1991, pp. 1-18.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Kaufman, Arie, Volume Visualization, in Encyclopedia of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, John G. Webster, Ed., Wiley Publishing, 1997.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Kaufman, Arie, Volume Visualization, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1,
1996, pp. 165-167.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Kaufman, Arie, Volume Visualization, Handbook of Computer Science and 
Engineering, Allen Tucker, Ed., CRC Press, 1996, pp.1319-1353.
#CITATION_END#
 
#CITATION#
MacDonald, L., Vince, J., Interacting with Virtual Environments, John Wiley 
& Sons, 1994.
#CITATION_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A
HREF="http://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~lotufo/medimage-FAQ.html">Medical
Image Volume Visualization Software FAQ</A> - Oulu University Central
Hospital
#PRODUCT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A
HREF="http://science.nas.nasa.gov/Groups/VisTech/visWeblets.html">
Annotated Scientific Visualization Web Site Bibliography</A> - NASA: 
a great reference point for many of the current products and research
projects in Scientific Visualization
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://biocomp.arc.nasa.gov/3dreconstruction/">3D
Reconstruction Home Page</A> - NASA: page constructed by 
NASA Ames Biocomputation Center with plenty of information on volume 
visualization, including a link to a page listing close to 
80 volume visualization software packages.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A
HREF="http://www.netmediapro.com/IrisOnLine/">IRIS Online</A> - Silicon
Graphics: newsletter for the Silicon Graphics community which includes
sections on visualization in medicine and science.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~craig/pdr.html">Parallel Volume Rendering 
Home Page</A> - Craig Wittenbrink @ The University of California, Santa Cruz: 
good reference point containing links to various parallel volume rendering 
software packages and pertinent papers. 
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://cs.anu.edu.au/~Brian.Corrie/hotlist/graphics.html">Graphics 
Hotlist</A>- Brian Corrie @ The Austalian National University: good 3D 
reference point contains links to 3D visualization software and projects
including, in particular, a solid list of Virtual Reality and VRML resources.
#PROJECT_END#

#CITATION#
Vannier, M. W., Marsh, J. L., Warren, J. O., "Three Dimensional
Computer Graphics for Craniofacial Surgical Planning and Evaluation",
Computer Graphics, July 1983, pp. 263-273.
#CITATION_END#

#CITATION#
Wolfe, R. H., Liu, C. N., "Interactive Visualization of 3D Seismic
Data: A Volumetric Method", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,
July 1988, pp. 24-30.
#CITATION_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http:www.cs.umd.edu/projects/hcil/Research/1995/vhe.html">
Visible Human Explorer (VHE)</A> - HCIL-Univ. of Maryland: allows one to 
flythrough the Visible Human Dataset.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.amil.jhu.edu/projects/projects.html">3D Liver
Visualization</A> - American Medical Imaging Laboratory (AMIL) of
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: effort to construct 3d
rendered liver images for use in surgical planning in treating tumors.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://mipgsun.mipg.upenn.edu:80/~Vnews/">3DVIEWNIX</A> -
U. Penn: 3D rendering software used for medical imaging.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.umn.edu/neural/doc/tools.html">The Neighborhood
Viewer</A> - University of Minnesota: pan through 2D cross-sectioned slices
of a 3D object much like the Visible Human Explorer does. 
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://cap.anu.edu.au/cap/projects/parvis/parvis.html">The
ParVis Visualization Project</A> - Australian National University (ANU): 
parallelizing the 3D rendering process to better handle large, complex 3D 
data sets.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT_UNSURE#
<A HREF="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/scivis/research/glyph/glyph.html">
GlyphMaker</A> - Georgia Tech: 3D rendering of large datasets for the 
non-programmer.
#PROJECT_UNSUREEND#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~vislab/start_volvis.html">Volume
Visualization System (VOLVIS)</A> - SUNY Stony Brook: great volume 
visualization software.
N#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~vislab/start_cube.html">Cube</A>- SUNY 
Stonybrook: special purpose hardware in development for real-time
volume rendering of volumetric data.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.uke.uni-hamburg.de/Institutes/IMDM/IDV/VOXEL-MAN.html">
VOXEL-MAN</A> - IMDM-hamburg: great volume visualization software.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF="http://www.ems.psu.edu/VRStuff/QTVR.html"> Virtual Reality Weather
Movie</A> - Penn State University: provides virtual reality movie of weather
on the earth.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF = "http://bellatrix.pcl.ox.ac.uk/people/alan/Welcome.html">
Alan Robinson's Home Page</A>: interesting web site demonstrating interesting
applications of VRML in physical science research.
#PROJECT_END#

#PROJECT#
<A HREF ="http://www.duke.edu/~djg3/appsvr.html">Interesting VRML Applications
</A> - Daniel Gassert, Duke: site which lists examples of VRML applications in
architecture, medical imaging, education, etc.
#PROJECT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.almaden.ibm.com/dx">IBM Visualization Data
Explorer (DX)</A> - IBM: commercial 3D data visualization software tool
which does 3D rendering.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.vaytek.com/VoxBlast.html">VoxBlast</A> - VayTek: general 
purpose volume rendering program.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.avs.com/products/xp-dev/index.htm">AVS/Express</A> - 
Advanced Visual Systems Inc: commercial 3D data visualization software which
does 3D rendering.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~martink/">The Visualization Toolkit</A> - RPI: 
3D visualization toolkit.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.vitalimages.com/">VoxelView</A> - Vital Images: 3D volume
rendering software used in medical imaging.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT_UNSURE#
<A HREF="http://bilbo.bio.purdue.edu/~tom">MolView</A> - Purdue University:
#PRODUCT_UNSURE_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.ht.com/htweb/WebTVox.1_00/index.html">TVox</A> - HT Medical,
Inc.: interactive volume rendering tool used primarily in medical imaging.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.vnd.com/Atlas3D/Atlas.htm">Atlas 3D Modeler</A> - Virtual 
Network Development: great VRML world builder.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.caligari.com/products/ts3/ts3_feat.html">trueSpace3</A> - 
Caligari: another great VRML World builder which include such features as 
collision detection and real-time modeling of realistic-looking organic skin.
#PRODUCT_END#

#PRODUCT#
<A HREF="http://www.sdsc.edu/vrml/3dauthoring.html">More VRML 3-D World 
authoring tools</A> - VRML Repository.
#PRODUCT_END#

#VIDEO#
Bricken, HITLab, University of Washington, Discovering Virtual Reality: An  
Experiment in Learning, ACM SIGCHI Videos
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New Directions in
Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
Chen, Medical Media Systems, The Smart Endoscopic Environment,  ACM SIGCHI 
Videos <A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New 
Directions in Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
Darken, R. P., Wayfinding Strategies and Behaviors in Large Virtual Worlds,
ACM SIGCHI Videos <A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608962.html"> 
CHI'96 Video Program</A>, 1996.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
EVL, University of Illinois at Chicago,Scientists in Wonderland: A Report on 
Visualization Applications in the CAVE Virtual Reality Environment, ACM SIGCHI
Videos <A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New
Directions in Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
EVL, University of Illinois at Chicago, Virtual Reality: Immersed in High 
Performance Computing and Communications, ACM SIGCHI Videos 
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New Directions in 
Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.
#VIDEO_END#  

#VIDEO#
Houseman, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Observing a Volume 
Rendered Fetus Within a Pregnant Patient, ACM SIGCHI Videos
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New Directions in
Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
Korn, Flip, North, Chris, Browsing Anatomical Image Databases : the Visible 
Human, <A HREF="http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/hcil/Research/video95.html">
HCIL 1995 Video Reports</A>, 1995. 
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
Mewhinney, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA Telepresence Video, ACM SIGCHI Videos
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New Directions in 
Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.  
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
San Francisco Art Institute, Virtuality, Inc., ACM SIGCHI Videos
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608926.html">
CHI'92 Special Video Program</A>, 1992.
#VIDEO_END#

#VIDEO#
Tanner, Boeing Defense & Space, Advanced Computing Group Visualization 
Laboratory,  ACM SIGCHI Videos 
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608946.html">New Directions in 
Virtual Reality</A>, 1994.  
#VIDEO_END#  

#VIDEO#
Telepresence Research, Be There Here, ACM SIGCHI Videos 
<A HREF="http://www.acm.org/~perlman/sigchi/608926.html">
CHI'92 Special Video Program</A>, 1992.
#VIDEO_END#

#BACKGROUND#
3D world visualization is a term used to describe viewing real world 
objects such as the human body, buildings, or molecules for the purpose 
of extracting information.  This form of visualization should be applied
when viewing the object in 3D or rather what is inside the object is key to 
the desired users' task.  While designing visualizing and navigating tools 
for 3D objects is a difficult task, there is a high demand for it.  For 
example, the National Library of Medicine developed the 
<a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/">Visible Human 
Project</a>.  As a result, there are a number of software packages which render 
virtual flythroughs of the human body. 
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
Volume visualization is, by far, the most widely used form of 3D World 
Visualization.  This involves rendering real world 3D objects into some
form of computerized 3D representation, whether it be projected on the 2
dimensional computer screen or viewed through immersive virtual reality 
equipment.  Scientific Visualization is presently the primary use of volume
visualization.  Here, physical objects modeled in 3D may be studied and
examined by the user in greater detail and may even be manipulated in order to,
for example, test scientific hypotheses, simulate an event or process, or to 
practice a procedure.  Current applications of this type include medical 
imaging, surgical teaching and planning, and weather modeling.  Arie Kaufman 
has an excellent tutorial on volume visualization in his article, <A 
HREF="#Kaufman">Introduction to Volume Visualization</A>, referred to later 
in the Citations section.
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
Uses of virtual reality and VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language), in 
applications outside those mentioned in volume visualization previously, abound 
and are becoming even more popular every day.  Architects
and interior designers, for instance, are looking into using VRML to make 
virtual walkthroughs of proposed sites available to their clientele on the web.
In education, children can now visit and walkthrough museums, international 
historic sites (e.g. the Pyramids of Egypt), other planets, etc. without 
leaving their homes or schools via the Web.
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
In further investigating this idea of the 3D world, a few branches were unveiled.  
The first one is the concept of "real" 3D objects like those in scientific,
volume, medical, and even architectural visualization.  Molecules, the human 
body and the interior of a building share complex relationships
with other items.  These are all objects that people may want to view the
inner structures of before really physically "entering".  For this reason,
3D visualization has proven to be key in understanding the inner or
unexplored parts of objects the datasets represent.  3D visualization 
brings home the idea of containment, where the user is able to navigate up,
down, forward or backward once immersed into the given environment. 
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
The second branch in the 3D world is one that we classify as "artificial"
or "synthetic" worlds or workspace.  These are computer-enhanced worlds that
have the look and feel of a real 3D world, but do not truly exist in the real 
world.  Take <author's> Bookhouse for example.  The user is able to navigate through a 
virtual reality 'library' and choose books and different stories to read.  While
this does involve a walkthrough of a 3D world, it is not the concept of 
needing to explore inside it that is key in understanding the dataset that is 
before the user but making a choice from a collection of books to read.
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
And yet another category in 3D World visualization, though questionable,
includes objects that we can apply our intuition of real 3D 
objects to make them seem 3 dimensional.  For example, 
trees, networks, GIS systems, multi-dimensional and temporal objects can all
be modeled in 3D, but does it also follow that these objects are 
now part of the 3D world?   WebBook and Web Forager out of Xerox Parc do 
great jobs of increasing the user's capacity for understanding information
on the World Wide Web by incorporating 3D interfaces.  These products, 
however, though they could be labeled '3D', would be better characterized in 
the <A HREF="1-D.html">1D</A> and <A HREF="Workspace.html">Workspace</A> 
sections, respectively, or even in the general class of information or data 
visualization, because of the type of information they are used to 
display.  
#BACKGROUND_END#

#BACKGROUND#
The forth and last branch that we considered for the purpose of our research
could readily be discounted without much deliberation.  We considered objects 
such as 3D bar and/or pie charts, where data may be effectively visualized in 2 
dimensions, to be forced 3D objects.  If you have a bar chart that is rendered
 in 3D instead of 2D, has the data changed?  The answer is an emphatic, "No!".
The data is still 2D and thus should not be included when speaking about 3D 
visualization.  Although 3D renderings of bar charts or pie charts may be 
appealing to some, empirical evidence suggests it makes the data more difficult 
to comprehend.  In other words, what the presenter has created is "chart junk"
 as coined by Edward Tufte.  According to Tufte, one dimension is being wasted 
when this "overcoding" is applied.  For this reason, the projects and products
 listed on this page are intended for the purpose of making appropriate 
matches of 3D data and 3D representation.
#BACKGROUND_END#